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Advantages

SOFIE® has at least eight major advantages over existing methods:

1. Experiments are carried out in undisturbed samples, including overlying surface water, which are taken with the body core of the cell;
2. Characteristic in-situ redox conditions and gradients are maintained;
3. Measurements can be carried out in 5 mm layer increments;
4. The method is non-destructive to the sample, so pore water can be monitored repeatedly;
5. Pore water is micro-filtrated over 0.1 um while sampling;
6. Free metal ions can be isolated from solution during pore water sampling;
7. Bioassays are carried out simultaneously, thereby accounting for time dynamic exposure concentrations;
8. Aerobic or anaerobic conditions can be manipulated by flushing the atmospheric headspace with a gas. In this way, various oxidation or reduction scenarios can be tested.